Saffron (zaʿfarān)

Saffron has been known since antiquity and is grown in Iran, notably in Korāsān, a province in the north-eastern part of Iran. It is a plant from the family of Iridaceae, obtained from the styles of saffron, Crocus sativus L. The main chromophore is the aglycone crocetin, which can be found in the form of glycoside, crocin, or other substituted glycoside patterns.

Saffron is a direct dye; the colour is soluble and requires no chemical modification, and it was used without any preparation other than soaking it in water. Saffron also has acted as an inhibitor when mixed with verdigris to stop its destructive effect on paper (Barkeshli 2002). Perhaps this is the reason why many master calligraphers and painters have advised in some of their recipes to add saffron whenever verdigris is used.

Turmeric (zard-chubeh)

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Brazilwood/ Logwood/ Sapan wood (baqam)

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Cockscomb

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Black Mulberry

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Mixture of Brazilwood (baqam), cock’s comb (bostān afruz) and black mulberry (Šahtut)

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Lac (lāk)

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Safflower (moʿaṣfar)

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Peach (šaftālu)

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Indigo (nīl)

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Turnsole

(toḵm-e-ʿalafī-e aftāb gardeš / tokhm-e-ḵor gardesh/ tokhm-e ʿalafī- e āftāb gardān)

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Verdigris (zangār)

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NATURAL (ḵod-rang, hanāʾī)

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Henna (hanā)

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Kāhī (Straw Colour)

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